Recent Changes for "Urban Heat Island" - Climate Audit 101

Urban Heat Island

tcnsc — 2012-03-02 16:57:24

Revert to version 12 (Removed spam.).

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- [http://jamtangankanan.blogspot.com jam tangan][http://jamtangankanan.blogspot.com jam tangan murah][http://jamtangankanan.blogspot.com jam tangan kw][http://hostgator-coupon.co hostgator coupon][http://cupu.web.id kata mutiara][http://seoweblog.net Jasa SEO][http://ezido.info EZido][http://rdanet.info RDAnet][http://pioneerdeh-1300mp.info pioneer deh-1300mp][http://asusa53e-xa2.ezido.info/ asus a53e-xa2][http://asustf101-b1.ezido.info/ asus tf101-b1][http://asustf101-a1.ezido.info/ asus tf101-a1][http://asusn53sv-eh72.ezido.info/ asus n53sv-eh72][http://asusrepublicofgamersg74sx.ezido.info asus republic of gamers g74sx][http://acera5250.ezido.info asus acer a5250][http://acerchromebookac700.ezido.info acer chromebook ac700][http://asusa53u.ezido.info asus asus 53u][http://lginfinia55lw5600.ezido.info lg infinia 55lw5600][http://sonicview360premier.ezido.info Sonicview 360 premier][http://7cuftfreezer.ezido.info asus 7 cu ft freezer][http://30singlewalloven.ezido.info asus 30 single wall oven]	+

Urban Heat Island

2012-03-02 12:46:39

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-	+ [http://jamtangankanan.blogspot.com jam tangan][http://jamtangankanan.blogspot.com jam tangan murah][http://jamtangankanan.blogspot.com jam tangan kw][http://hostgator-coupon.co hostgator coupon][http://cupu.web.id kata mutiara][http://seoweblog.net Jasa SEO][http://ezido.info EZido][http://rdanet.info RDAnet][http://pioneerdeh-1300mp.info pioneer deh-1300mp][http://asusa53e-xa2.ezido.info/ asus a53e-xa2][http://asustf101-b1.ezido.info/ asus tf101-b1][http://asustf101-a1.ezido.info/ asus tf101-a1][http://asusn53sv-eh72.ezido.info/ asus n53sv-eh72][http://asusrepublicofgamersg74sx.ezido.info asus republic of gamers g74sx][http://acera5250.ezido.info asus acer a5250][http://acerchromebookac700.ezido.info acer chromebook ac700][http://asusa53u.ezido.info asus asus 53u][http://lginfinia55lw5600.ezido.info lg infinia 55lw5600][http://sonicview360premier.ezido.info Sonicview 360 premier][http://7cuftfreezer.ezido.info asus 7 cu ft freezer][http://30singlewalloven.ezido.info asus 30 single wall oven]

Urban Heat Island

tcnsc — 2012-01-29 05:16:44

Revert to version 10 (Removed spam.).

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- [[http://carstereo.corsva.com Car Stereo]] - [[http://seo.corsva.com Buy Laptop Online]] - [[http://buylaptoponline.corsva.com Buy Laptop Online]] - [[http://www.conversechucktaylor.yudinet.com/ Converse Chuck Taylor]] - [[http://logitechrevueprice.info Logitech Revue Price]] - [[http://buygalaxytabonline.info/ Buy Galaxy Tab Online]] - [[http://laundrywasherreview.info/ Laundry Washer Review]] - [[http://asustf201.org/ Asus TF201]] - [[http://cheapfurnituresonline.info/ Cheap Furniture Online]] - [[http://kayjewelersengagementring.info/ Kay Jewelers Engagement Rings]] - [[http://queenframe.co.cc Queen Bed Frame]] - [[http://macbookpro15store.co.cc MacBook Pro 15 Store]] - [[http://canon60dvsnikond7000.co.cc Canon 60D vs Nikon d7000]] - [[http://galaxytab101store.co.cc Galaxy Tab 10.1 Store]]

Urban Heat Island

2012-01-28 04:21:58

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	+ [[http://carstereo.corsva.com Car Stereo]] + [[http://seo.corsva.com Buy Laptop Online]] + [[http://buylaptoponline.corsva.com Buy Laptop Online]] + [[http://www.conversechucktaylor.yudinet.com/ Converse Chuck Taylor]] + [[http://logitechrevueprice.info Logitech Revue Price]] + [[http://buygalaxytabonline.info/ Buy Galaxy Tab Online]] + [[http://laundrywasherreview.info/ Laundry Washer Review]] + [[http://asustf201.org/ Asus TF201]] + [[http://cheapfurnituresonline.info/ Cheap Furniture Online]] + [[http://kayjewelersengagementring.info/ Kay Jewelers Engagement Rings]] + [[http://queenframe.co.cc Queen Bed Frame]] + [[http://macbookpro15store.co.cc MacBook Pro 15 Store]] + [[http://canon60dvsnikond7000.co.cc Canon 60D vs Nikon d7000]] + [[http://galaxytab101store.co.cc Galaxy Tab 10.1 Store]]

Urban Heat Island

tcnsc — 2011-12-22 22:42:47

Revert to version 8 (Removed spam.).

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- - Related Link : - [http://tasgrosir-brandedmurah.com/ Tas Murah] - [http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tas_murah Tas Murah] - [http://jamtangankanan.blogspot.com/ jam tangan] - [http://xamthonecentral.com/ xamthone] - [http://www.jualsextoys.com boneka full body] - [http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boneka_Full_Body boneka full body] - [http://www.souvenirnikahku.com/ Souvenir Pernikahan] - [http://www.oleh2kuningan.com makanan khas kuningan] - [http://cupu.web.id Jasa SEO] - [http://seoweblog.net Jasa SEO] - [http://corsva.com CorsVa] - [http://cupu.web.id/tablet-android-honeycomb-terbaik-murah/ Century 21 Broker Properti Jual Beli Sewa Rumah Indonesia] - [http://seo.corsva.com Jasa SEO] - [http://release.pressku.com/ Press Release] - [http://upin.blog.com/ Upin Blog] - [http://www.symbian-kreatif.co.cc/ Symbian Kreatif] - [http://upin.blogetery.com/ Blogetery Upin] - [http://www.seoweblog.net/hotel-murah-di-semarang-klikhotel-com/ Hotel Murah di Semarang via KlikHotel.com] - [http://cupu.web.id/hotel-murah-di-yogyakarta-klikhotel-com/ Hotel Murah di Yogyakarta via KlikHotel.com]

Urban Heat Island

2011-12-22 16:42:55

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	+ + Related Link : + [http://tasgrosir-brandedmurah.com/ Tas Murah] + [http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tas_murah Tas Murah] + [http://jamtangankanan.blogspot.com/ jam tangan] + [http://xamthonecentral.com/ xamthone] + [http://www.jualsextoys.com boneka full body] + [http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boneka_Full_Body boneka full body] + [http://www.souvenirnikahku.com/ Souvenir Pernikahan] + [http://www.oleh2kuningan.com makanan khas kuningan] + [http://cupu.web.id Jasa SEO] + [http://seoweblog.net Jasa SEO] + [http://corsva.com CorsVa] + [http://cupu.web.id/tablet-android-honeycomb-terbaik-murah/ Century 21 Broker Properti Jual Beli Sewa Rumah Indonesia] + [http://seo.corsva.com Jasa SEO] + [http://release.pressku.com/ Press Release] + [http://upin.blog.com/ Upin Blog] + [http://www.symbian-kreatif.co.cc/ Symbian Kreatif] + [http://upin.blogetery.com/ Blogetery Upin] + [http://www.seoweblog.net/hotel-murah-di-semarang-klikhotel-com/ Hotel Murah di Semarang via KlikHotel.com] + [http://cupu.web.id/hotel-murah-di-yogyakarta-klikhotel-com/ Hotel Murah di Yogyakarta via KlikHotel.com]

Urban Heat Island

GeorgeCastanza — 2007-11-29 03:17:36

minor: grammar, rewording, reorganizing

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- Urban Heat Island (UHI) refers to the fact that in general, human-built structures are warmer [REWORD TO SAY "retain/absorb more heat"?] than the natural items they replace. However, there are exceptions like irrigated fields, trees planted and watered in deserts, etc which can cool an area.	+ Urban Heat Island (UHI) refers to the fact that human-built structures are generally warmer [REWORD TO SAY "retain/absorb more heat"?] than the natural items they replace. Examples of such structures include concrete buildings and asphalt roads that absorb heat and raise temperatures (especially at night). However, there are exceptions like irrigated fields, trees planted and watered in deserts, etc. that can cool an area.
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- The larger the human population in an area, the larger the number of structures and thus the larger the ability to store heat during the day and to release heat during the night. This means that measurements within and near cities and towns will likely record higher temperatures than rural areas.	+ Surface temperature measurements are used to assess global and regional warming/cooling trends. Therefore, it is necessary to make an adjustment to historical temperature measurements that accounts for UHI at the individual surface station level. Determining the size of corrections which should be applied to the surface temperature record is a controversial subject. [Items should be added here to discuss this topic] + + The ["GISS"] assumes that there is a positive correlation between population and UHI and adjusts their surface station temperature histories accordingly. The larger the human population in an area, the larger the number of structures and thus the larger the ability to store heat during the day and to release heat during the night (i.e. greater UHI effect).
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- Surface temperature measurements are used to assess global and regional warming/cooling trends. Therefore, one could argue that an adjustment to historical temperature measurements is necessary to account for UHI. Determining the size of corrections which should be applied to the surface temperature record is a contraversial subject. [Items should be added here to discuss this topic]	+

Urban Heat Island

2007-11-29 01:47:33

Additions by Clayton B.

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- Urban Heat Island (UHI) refers to the fact that in general, human-built structures are warmer than the natural items they replace. However, there are exceptions like irrigated fields, trees planted and watered in deserts, etc which can cool an area.	+ Urban Heat Island (UHI) refers to the fact that in general, human-built structures are warmer [REWORD TO SAY "retain/absorb more heat"?] than the natural items they replace. However, there are exceptions like irrigated fields, trees planted and watered in deserts, etc which can cool an area.
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- The larger the human population in an area, the larger the number of structures and thus the larger the ability to store heat during the day and to release heat during the night. This means that cities in an area will likely record higher temperatures depending on the population of the city.	+ The larger the human population in an area, the larger the number of structures and thus the larger the ability to store heat during the day and to release heat during the night. This means that measurements within and near cities and towns will likely record higher temperatures than rural areas.
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- However, it should also be noted that relatively small towns show an urban heat island effect (ref Oke??).	+ One would expect the largest cities to have the largest UHI effects. However, it should also be noted that relatively small towns show an urban heat island effect (ref Oke??).
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- Determining the size of corrections which should be supplied to the surface temperature record is a contraversial subject. [Items should be added here to discuss this topic]	+ Surface temperature measurements are used to assess global and regional warming/cooling trends. Therefore, one could argue that an adjustment to historical temperature measurements is necessary to account for UHI. Determining the size of corrections which should be applied to the surface temperature record is a contraversial subject. [Items should be added here to discuss this topic]
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- Some feel that increased urbanization may contribute to local higher temperature which may be interpreted as being caused by global warming.	+ Some feel that increased urbanization may contribute to higher local temperatures which may be (then falsely) interpreted as being caused by global warming.

Urban Heat Island

jkearns — 2007-11-28 01:37:08

added CA responses to Parker 2004, 2006

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- Peterson (2003) states "Contrary to generally accepted wisdom, no statistically significant impact of urbanization could be found in annual temperatures." This was done by using satellite-based night-light detection of urban areas, and more thorough homogenisation of the time series (with corrections, for example, for the tendency of surrounding rural stations to be slightly higher, and thus cooler, than urban areas). As the paper says, if its conclusion is accepted, then it is necessary to "unravel the mystery of how a global temperature time series created partly from urban in situ stations could show no contamination from urban warming." The main conclusion is that micro- and local-scale impacts dominate the meso-scale impact of the urban heat island: many sections of towns may be warmer than rural sites, but meteorological observations are likely to be made in park "cool islands." (from wikipedia)	+ Peterson (2003) states "Contrary to generally accepted wisdom, no statistically significant impact of urbanization could be found in annual temperatures." This was done by using satellite-based night-light detection of urban areas, and more thorough homogenisation of the time series (with corrections, for example, for the tendency of surrounding rural stations to be slightly higher, and thus cooler, than urban areas). As the paper says, if its conclusion is accepted, then it is necessary to "unravel the mystery of how a global temperature time series created partly from urban in situ stations could show no contamination from urban warming." The main conclusion is that micro- and local-scale impacts dominate the meso-scale impact of the urban heat island: many sections of towns may be warmer than rural sites, but meteorological observations are likely to be made in park "cool islands." (summarized from wikipedia)
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	+ + CA discusses [http://www.climateaudit.org/?p=1718 Parker 2006], and the [http://www.climateaudit.org/?p=1742 Fresno Airport] from Parker 2006.
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- Over the conterminous USA, after adjustment for time-of-observation bias and other changes, rural station trends were almost indistinguishable from series including urban sites (Peterson, 2003; Figure 3.3 (sic), and similar considerations apply to China from 1951 to 2001 (Li et al., 2004). One possible reason for the patchiness of UHIs is the location of observing stations in parks where urban influences are reduced (Peterson, 2003). In summary, although some individual sites may be affected, including some small rural locations, the UHI effect is not pervasive, as all global-scale studies indicate it is a very small component of large scale averages.	+ Over the conterminous USA, after adjustment for time-of-observation bias and other changes, rural station trends were almost indistinguishable from series including urban sites (Peterson, 2003; Figure 3.3 (sic), and similar considerations apply to China from 1951 to 2001 (Li et al., 2004). One possible reason for the patchiness of UHIs is the location of observing stations in parks where urban influences are reduced (Peterson, 2003). In summary, although some individual sites may be affected, including some small rural locations, the UHI effect is not pervasive, as all global-scale studies indicate it is a very small component of large scale averages.
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- Accordingly, this assessment adds the same level of urban warming uncertainty as in the TAR: 0.006°C per decade since 1900 for land, and 0.002°C per decade since 1900 for blended land with ocean, as ocean UHI is zero.	+ Accordingly, this assessment adds the same level of urban warming uncertainty as in the TAR: 0.006°C per decade since 1900 for land, and 0.002°C per decade since 1900 for blended land with ocean, as ocean UHI is zero.

Urban Heat Island

jkearns — 2007-11-28 01:30:48

added links to CA responses to Peterson 2003, someone fill out

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- Peterson (2003) indicates that the effects of the urban heat island may have been overstated, finding that "Contrary to generally accepted wisdom, no statistically significant impact of urbanization could be found in annual temperatures." This was done by using satellite-based night-light detection of urban areas, and more thorough homogenisation of the time series (with corrections, for example, for the tendency of surrounding rural stations to be slightly higher, and thus cooler, than urban areas). As the paper says, if its conclusion is accepted, then it is necessary to "unravel the mystery of how a global temperature time series created partly from urban in situ stations could show no contamination from urban warming." The main conclusion is that micro- and local-scale impacts dominate the meso-scale impact of the urban heat island: many sections of towns may be warmer than rural sites, but meteorological observations are likely to be made in park "cool islands." (from wikipedia)	+ Peterson (2003) states "Contrary to generally accepted wisdom, no statistically significant impact of urbanization could be found in annual temperatures." This was done by using satellite-based night-light detection of urban areas, and more thorough homogenisation of the time series (with corrections, for example, for the tendency of surrounding rural stations to be slightly higher, and thus cooler, than urban areas). As the paper says, if its conclusion is accepted, then it is necessary to "unravel the mystery of how a global temperature time series created partly from urban in situ stations could show no contamination from urban warming." The main conclusion is that micro- and local-scale impacts dominate the meso-scale impact of the urban heat island: many sections of towns may be warmer than rural sites, but meteorological observations are likely to be made in park "cool islands." (from wikipedia)
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	+ CA discusses the [http://www.climateaudit.org/?p=1852 article in general], [http://www.climateaudit.org/?p=1857 urban sites], [http://www.climateaudit.org/?p=1859 trends in Peterson 2003].

Urban Heat Island

jkearns — 2007-11-28 01:24:51

added start to CA response to Jones et al 1990

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- === Jones 1990 ===	+ === Jones et al. 1990 ===
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-	+ CA has a whole [http://www.climateaudit.org/?cat=52 category] dedicated to analysis of the article. Additionally, Doug Keenen has alleged that climate research used in Jones 1990 by Wei-Chyung Wang was falsified [http://www.informath.org/apprise/a5620.htm ref].

Urban Heat Island

jkearns — 2007-11-28 01:18:05

add standard literature stuff, will add CA replies next

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- In the "natural" world, there are forests, meadows, seashores, etc. In the man-made world built in these areas there are buildings, roads, factorys, wharfs, etc. Generally speaking, human-built structures are warmer than the natural items they replace. There are exceptions like irrigated fields, trees planted and watered in deserts, etc.	+ Urban Heat Island (UHI) refers to the fact that in general, human-built structures are warmer than the natural items they replace. However, there are exceptions like irrigated fields, trees planted and watered in deserts, etc which can cool an area.
Line 3:	Line 3:
- The larger the human population in an area, the larger the number of structures and thus the larger the ability to store heat during the day and to release heat during the night. This means that cities in an area will likely record higher temperatures depending on the population of the city. This is the Urban Heat Island effect.	+ The larger the human population in an area, the larger the number of structures and thus the larger the ability to store heat during the day and to release heat during the night. This means that cities in an area will likely record higher temperatures depending on the population of the city. + + However, it should also be noted that relatively small towns show an urban heat island effect (ref Oke??).
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	+ + === Peterson (2003) === + + Peterson (2003) indicates that the effects of the urban heat island may have been overstated, finding that "Contrary to generally accepted wisdom, no statistically significant impact of urbanization could be found in annual temperatures." This was done by using satellite-based night-light detection of urban areas, and more thorough homogenisation of the time series (with corrections, for example, for the tendency of surrounding rural stations to be slightly higher, and thus cooler, than urban areas). As the paper says, if its conclusion is accepted, then it is necessary to "unravel the mystery of how a global temperature time series created partly from urban in situ stations could show no contamination from urban warming." The main conclusion is that micro- and local-scale impacts dominate the meso-scale impact of the urban heat island: many sections of towns may be warmer than rural sites, but meteorological observations are likely to be made in park "cool islands." (from wikipedia) + + + === Parker 2004, 2006 === + + A study by David Parker published in Nature in November 2004 and in Journal of Climate in 2006 attempts to test the urban heat island theory, by comparing temperature readings taken on calm nights with those taken on windy nights. If the urban heat island theory is correct then instruments should have recorded a bigger temperature rise for calm nights than for windy ones, because wind blows excess heat away from cities and away from the measuring instruments. There was no difference between the calm and windy nights, and the author says: we show that, globally, temperatures over land have risen as much on windy nights as on calm nights, indicating that the observed overall warming is not a consequence of urban development. (from wikipedia) + + === Jones 1990 === + + + + == Relation to Global Warming == + + Some feel that increased urbanization may contribute to local higher temperature which may be interpreted as being caused by global warming. + + === IPCC stance on the UHI === + + IPCC 2007, chpt 3, p.244 says (broken up by me): + + Studies that have looked at hemispheric and global scales conclude that any urban-related trend is an order of magnitude smaller than decadal and longer time-scale trends evident in the series (e.g., Jones et al., 1990; Peterson et al., 1999). This result could partly be attributed to the omission from the gridded data set of a small number of sites (<1%) with clear urban-related warming trends. In a worldwide set of about 270 stations, Parker (2004, 2006) noted that warming trends in night minimum temperatures over the period 1950 to 2000 were not enhanced on calm nights, which would be the time most likely to be affected by urban warming. Thus, the global land warming trend discussed is very unlikely to be influenced significantly by increasing urbanisation (Parker, 2006). + + Over the conterminous USA, after adjustment for time-of-observation bias and other changes, rural station trends were almost indistinguishable from series including urban sites (Peterson, 2003; Figure 3.3 (sic), and similar considerations apply to China from 1951 to 2001 (Li et al., 2004). One possible reason for the patchiness of UHIs is the location of observing stations in parks where urban influences are reduced (Peterson, 2003). In summary, although some individual sites may be affected, including some small rural locations, the UHI effect is not pervasive, as all global-scale studies indicate it is a very small component of large scale averages. + + Accordingly, this assessment adds the same level of urban warming uncertainty as in the TAR: 0.006°C per decade since 1900 for land, and 0.002°C per decade since 1900 for blended land with ocean, as ocean UHI is zero.

Urban Heat Island

DaveDardinger — 2007-11-27 14:12:34

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- Describe Urban Heat Island here.	+ In the "natural" world, there are forests, meadows, seashores, etc. In the man-made world built in these areas there are buildings, roads, factorys, wharfs, etc. Generally speaking, human-built structures are warmer than the natural items they replace. There are exceptions like irrigated fields, trees planted and watered in deserts, etc. + + The larger the human population in an area, the larger the number of structures and thus the larger the ability to store heat during the day and to release heat during the night. This means that cities in an area will likely record higher temperatures depending on the population of the city. This is the Urban Heat Island effect. + + Determining the size of corrections which should be supplied to the surface temperature record is a contraversial subject. [Items should be added here to discuss this topic]

Urban Heat Island

GeorgeCastanza — 2007-11-27 00:24:35

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	+ Describe Urban Heat Island here.